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EMDR for Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD)
EMDR is the most thoroughly
researched psychotherapy method for the treatment of symptoms of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Below is the logic that supports
the position that EMDR is the best psychotherapy for the treatment
of symptoms of PTSD.
1. Numerous controlled
studies show EMDR is as effective as cognitive-behavior therapy.
Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997).
Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting.
Psychotherapy, 34, 307-315.
Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J. & Greenwald,
R. (2002). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A comparison
of stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure and eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
58, 1071-1089.
Power, K. G., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D.,
Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (in press). A controlled comparison
of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing versus exposure
plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment
of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology
and Psychotherapy.
Ironson, G., B. Freund, B., Strauss, J. L. & Williams J. (2002).
Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based
study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
58(1): 113-128.
Sprang, G. (2001). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
(EMDR) in the treatment of traumatic stress and complicated mourning:
Psychological and behavioral outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice,
11, 300-320.
2. The only published outlier is Devilly.
Devilly, G. J., & Spence, S. H. (1999). The
relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive
behavioral trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of post
traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13 (1-2),
131-157.
3. The Maxfield & Hyer meta-analysis shows the importance
of study rigor --which disqualifies Devilly's study.
Maxfield, L. & Hyer, L. (2002). The relationship
between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment
of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58(1): 23-41.
4. Van Etten & Taylor meta-analysis assesses exposure and
EMDR equally effective, but EMDR as more efficient.
Van Etten, M. L. & Taylor, S. (1998) Comparative
efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis.
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 5, 126-144.
5. Chemtob et al found that EMDR reduces disturbance in children.
Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J. & Carlson, J.
G. (2002). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related
posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical
Psychology. 58(1): 99-112.
6. The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies guidelines
assess EMDR as effective with a A/B rating. The additional studies
that would now bring it up to an A rating (See Lee; Ironson;
Power).
Chemtob, C. M., Tolin, D. F., van der Kolk, B. A.,
& Pitman, R. K. (2000) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
in E. A. Foa, T. M. Keane & M. J. Friedman (Eds.) Effective
treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International
Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
7. As noted in Keane and Barlow, exposure/CBT and EMDR are equivalently
effective. However, EMDR has been found to be more efficient (Lee;
Ironson; Power; van Etten).
Keane, T. M. & Barlow, D. H. Posttraumatic stress
disorder. In: Barlow, D. H. (Ed.) (2001). Anxiety and its disorders:
the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford
Publications.
8. Wilson et al. study and follow-up indicates that the benefits
of EMDR are substantial and long lasting.
Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H.
(1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment
for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 63, 928-937
Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1997). 15-month
follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
treatment for psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 65 (6), 1047-1056.
9. There are numerous instances in the literature in which misconceptions
about EMDR have been developed and maintained. Perkins & Rouanzoin
have attempted to sort out the confusion.
Perkins, B. R. & Rouanzoin, C. C. (2002). A
critical evaluation of current views regarding eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing (EMDR): Clarifying points of confusion. Journal
of Clinical Psychology. 58(1): 77-97.
10. The American Psychological Association has approved the EMDR
Institute as a CEU provider because EMDR has been shown to be effective
for trauma--as noted in the ISTSS guidelines.
11. The United Kingdom Department of Health (2001) has also listed
EMDR as an efficacious treatment for PTSD.
United Kingdom Department of Health. (2001). Treatment
choice in psychological therapies and counselling evidence based
clinical practice guideline. London: Author. WEB: http://www.doh.gov.uk/mentalhealth/treatmentguideline
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